Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (birth name - Adam Johann von Kruzenshtern) was born on November 19 of 1770, died August 24 of 1846 of the year. This is a famous Russian navigator, admiral. Kruzenshtern became the leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, he first mapped most of the coast of Sakhalin Island, became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. Today it is named after the strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, the passage between the island of Tsushima and the islands of Iki and Okinoshi in the Korean Strait, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya, an island in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu Archipelago.
No doubt Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was unique historical personality, was one of the founders of Russian oceanology. He had a significant impact on the history of Russian naval expeditions, and in general on navigation.
Ivan Kruzenshtern comes from the Eastern nobles. He is a descendant of a noble family Russified Kruzenshtern.
Since 12 years, Kruzenshtern studied for three years in a city school at the Dome Cathedral in Revel (present-day Tallinn), and then continued his studies at the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. In 1787, he was promoted to midshipmen. It should be noted that since childhood, the future navigator and admiral dreamed of going around the globe by sea.
In 1788, in connection with the outbreak of war with Sweden, he was early released from the Naval Cadet Corps and promoted to midshipmen, having been assigned to the 74-gun ship Mstislav. 6 July 1788 of the year in the Gulf of Finland, at a distance of 50 kilometers west of the island of Gogland, a meeting of two squadrons - Russian and Swedish.
The Russian squadron lost in this battle more than 300 people killed and more than 600 wounded. The 74-gun ship Mstislav suffered the most in the battle. This ship almost lost control, the ship was badly damaged by Swedish cannon fire, but remained in service until the end of the battle. Both sides appropriated the victory in the battle of Gogland to themselves, although their losses were approximately comparable.
If we talk about a strategic outcome, the victory here was for the Russians. The Swedish fleet was forced to retreat and take refuge in the fortress Sveaborg. Swedish plans to wage war were frustrated in the first naval battle.
In the pursuit of Swedish fleet and the blockade of Sveaborg, which lasted until late fall, the seriously damaged Mstislav took part. Almost all the officers were killed or wounded on the ship, so Midshipman Kruzenshtern was appointed assistant commander of the Mstislav. Having distinguished himself in the Battle of Hogland, already in 1789 Kruzenshtern took part in naval battles at Öland.
In 1790, Ivan Kruzenshtern participated in naval battles at Revel, Krasnaya Gorka, and also Vyborg Bay. After these battles, he was promoted to lieutenant at the age of 19.
In 1793, Ivan Kruzenshtern was among the 12 Russian honorary officers who was sent to England with the aim of improving maritime affairs and skills. At that time, England firmly held the title of the greatest maritime power. With the British, Kruzenshtern went to the shores of North America, where he participated in battles with the French. During this trip with the British, he visited Barbados, Bermuda and Suriname. To explore the East Indian waters and open trade routes to the East Indies for Russia, Krusenstern visited the Bay of Bengal. Interested in Russian fur trade with neighboring China, which was conducted from Okhotsk by land route to Kyakhta, Ivan Fedorovich decided that if trade were conducted directly by sea, it would be much more profitable. He also planned to establish direct relations of the metropolis with the Russian possessions located in America in order to be able to supply them with all the necessary supplies. In 1799, in St. Petersburg, Ivan Krusenstern presented his vision, but his project was rejected. At the same time, in the 1802 year, the head office of the Russian-American company came up with a similar proposal; this proposal was satisfied by the Russian emperor Alexander I. For its execution, the first Russian round-the-world expedition was equipped.
In total, the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which forever entered the history of our country, included two ships: the Nadezhda and the Neva. “Nadezhda” was commanded personally by Kruzenshtern, “Neva” - another famous Russian sailor, captain-lieutenant Lisyansky. Around-the-world voyage began on August 7 of the year 1803 with the departure of ships from Kronstadt.
After a long stay near the island of Santa Catarina (the coast of Brazil), when two masts had to be replaced on the Neva, the ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet and headed south. On March 3, they rounded Cape Horn and separated three weeks later in the Pacific Ocean. From the island of Nuku Khiva (Marquesas Islands), the sloops proceeded together to the Hawaiian Islands, where they parted again: the Neva went to the shores of Alaska, and the Nadezhda arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in July 1804. Then Kruzenshtern delivered Rezanov to Nagasaki and back, on the way, describing the northern and eastern shores of the Gulf of Patience.
Of the Russians and their neighboring lands in the North Pacific, the participants of this expedition paid special attention to Sakhalin, Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands.
In the summer of 1805, for the first time, he photographed about 1000 km of the coast of Sakhalin, tried to pass in the south between the island and the mainland, but could not and mistakenly decided that Sakhalin was not an island and was connected to the mainland by an isthmus. From Petropavlovsk in the autumn of the same year, Kruzenshtern moved to Canton, and at the end of the summer of 1806 to Kronstadt.
During the expedition, Kruzenshtern conducted a large amount of various studies, the results of which can be summarized as follows:
- geographic maps have been significantly corrected; deep-sea studies of the World Ocean were carried out (determination of the specific gravity and salinity of water, temperature measurement at different depths, determination of the velocity of currents, etc.);
- the western coast of Japan, the eastern coast and the southern part of Sakhalin were mapped, a part of the Kuril Islands was explored;
- a new route to the Russian possessions located in Kamchatka and Alaska was established.
Ivan Fedorovich not only discovered and mapped many islands, described part of the northwestern coast of the Pacific Ocean and compiled its first atlas, but also became one of the founders of oceanological research. The round-the-world expedition under his command gathered rich ethnographic, botanical, zoological collections, and also conducted a large number of astronomical observations. In his notes on the world tour, Kruzenshtern told a lot of new and curious about what he saw in the voyage, especially about the nature and life of savages. For his time, the atlas of the Pacific Ocean compiled by him was magnificent; he was full of plans, maps, and drawings. Lisyansky, who controlled the second ship of the expedition, the Neva, sometimes went separately from the Nadezhda. In his book about the same world tour there was a detailed description of the shores of Kodiak and Sitka.
According to contemporaries Ivan Fedorovich, he was quite prominent in his environment. Krusenstern was distinguished by his athletic build, and by his heroic chest and shoulder girdle he was superior to all participants of the round-the-world expedition. Interestingly, during the voyage, he, despite the bewilderment of his colleagues, carried weights with him, and worked with them every day.
In the 1811 year, Ivan Kruzenshtern was identified as an inspector of classes of the Marine Cadet Corps. In the 1814 year, he developed a detailed instruction for the 1815-1818 round-the-world expedition under the command of Kotzebue, one of the junior officers of the first Russian round-the-world voyage. Krusenstern also visited England in order to order the necessary tools for the expedition. Returning back to Russia, he received indefinite leave, devoting him to the creation of the Atlas of the South Sea. His work, which was published in Russian and German, was soon translated into French, and then into all European languages without exception. This work Krusenstern was awarded the full Demidov Prize.
In 1827, Ivan Kruzenshtern was appointed Director of the Naval Cadet Corps and became a member of the Admiralty Council. As director of this educational institution, which he himself had once successfully graduated from, he spent long 16 years.
In 1842, with the rank of admiral, Ivan Krusenstern resigned. Leaving the service, he went to his estate, but here the famous navigator continued to work. In 1845, together with such Russian scientists as: F. P. Wrangel, F. P. Litke, and K. M. Baer Krusenstern, he was directly involved in the creation of the Russian Geographical Society. After some time, this society has become one of the largest centers of geographical sciences not only in the Russian Empire, but throughout the world.
Ivan Kruzenshtern died 24 August 1846, on his estate Asa at the age of 75 years. The navigator was buried in Revel in the Vyshgorod (Dome) church.
See also “Nadezhda”: viewtopic.php?f=2&t=7710.
Russia 1996,(100r,250r,500r)FDC;1999,[A],[A]envelopes;2001;8r. DNR 2020,(20р,20р)Ms. PMR 2019,[P]. Estonia 2003;8.00,FDC.
Source: https://en.topwar.ru/99683-ivan-fedorov ... vatel.html.
KRUZENSTEIN I.F. - navigator and explorer
KRUZENSTEIN I.F. - navigator and explorer
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