DOOLITTLE RAID on 18 April 1942

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Doolittle Raid
18 Apr 1942

Contributor: C. Peter Chen
After the embarrassment at Pearl Harbor, at the Philippine Islands, at the Java Sea, and at just about every engagement in the early chapters of the Pacific War, overall long-term goals aside, the American leaders wanted a quick victory to be advertised as a revenge for the purpose of raising public morale. At the same time, they wanted to do exactly the opposite against the Japanese, and striking urban centers could achieve just that. US Navy Admiral Ernest King named Tokyo, Japan as the target as he was bombarded by the American public with the question "where is the Navy? Why don't they do something?" Barely a month into the war with Japan, King had already summoned Captain Donald B. Duncan, his air operations officer, to discuss possibilities for such a revenge operation. Americans had no bases within bomber operating range of Tokyo, and planes typically used with carriers did not carry enough payload to cause enough damage for such an operation. Duncan used some creativity to draw up a plan to borrow US Army Mitchell B-25 bombers (General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold of the Army did not know why they loaned out the bombers when they did) and train pilots to fly them off of carrier flight decks. It was a bold plan, and a bold admiral was chosen to bring the bombers there: Vice Admiral William Halsey.

Lieutenant Colonel James H. Doolittle had always been a maverick of sorts in his career. He liked to be daring, thinking of military maneuvers that no one had yet done before. It was not surprising to see him taking on the task of lightening up B-25 bombers in order to allow them to take off from carriers. Beyond targeting the strategic manufacturing centers, he, like those in Washington D.C., wanted to hurt the Japanese morale, too. Doolittle's call for volunteers was met with ample calls. In Eglin Field, Florida, United States, Doolittle installed catapults in shortened airstrips, training the pilots to take off using as little space as possible. The landing was not practiced, as the plan was for the bombers to fly into friendly Chinese territory, where Chiang Kaishek's Nationalist troops would welcome them at airfields 1,100 miles from Tokyo. The pilots were not told of their targets, only that it was a dangerous mission in which the rewards reflected the hazards. The pilots' only hint was that they were taught navy etiquette by US Navy Lieutenant Henry L. Miller; from this clue, the pilots concluded they were going to hit a target in the Pacific. Most guessed wrongly at the Philippines, while Doolittle told them simply not to venture any guesses and keep their mouths shut, lest any spies began to piece things together. Interestingly, their B-25 bombers were parked atop atop USS Hornet, which was to bring them toward Japan, without any covering.

On 2 Apr 1942, USS Hornet set sail into the Pacific Ocean. On 13 Apr, the carrier met with Admiral Halsey's fleet, which escorted her for the rest of its journey toward Japan. It was not until this time the US Army pilots learned that their target: "Our destination is Tokyo," Doolittle said, "we're going to bomb Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe, and Nagoya." The Army pilots cheered, while the Navy pilots were generally envious of the opportunity. "It's going to be a pretty tight squeeze", he continued. "But it's all been worked out the best possible way." Because he had brought reserve airmen along, Doolittle asked if any of the men wished to back out of the mission now that the targets had been revealed; none did. Some of the reserve airmen tried to offer as much as $150 to switch places with the primary crewmen, but they were not persuasive enough. On 17 Apr, the task force refueled one thousand miles away from Tokyo. Most of the bombers were each loaded with 1,140 gallons of fuel and four 500-pound bombs, while four others (including Doolittle's) were loaded with incendiary bombs. A few officers who were decorated in Japan during peacetime appeared to tie their medals to the bomb; Halsey tied him to one of the big 500-pound bombs, saying "oys, return these medals with interest." Unbeknownst to Doolittle, the proposed landing fields were not ready. The Chinese were not told of the nature of the mission, so when bad weather struck, they decided to maintain radio silence to prepare for a Japanese advance under the cover of weather.

At the dawn of 18 Apr, the fleet was discovered by the Japanese picket ship Nitto Maru. She was quickly destroyed by the cruiser USS Nashville, but not before enough time elapsed which Nitto Maru could have radioed her findings back to Japan. To prevent losing the element of surprise, despite it being hours before the originally planned takeoff time, Halsey ordered Doolittle to take off, launching 800 miles from Japan instead of the planned 400 to 650 miles. The timing of the attack was also completely changed. Original plans called for a nighttime raid, but due to the early launch, the bombers would arrive during daylight. Fuel was now a major issue. Captain Ted Lawson, the pilot of the B-25 bomber "Ruptured Duck" that participated in the Tokyo attack, remembered his anxiety as he checked on his suddenly non-functional rear turret before taking off.
Now we were going to take off about 800 miles off the coast. It took some figuring-quick figuring. And the sums I arrived at, in my buzzing head, gave me a sudden emptiness in the stomach. I thought of the preparations the Japanese must be made for us, and I thought of that turret that just wouldn't work. But most of all I thought about our gas.
Commander Mott of the USS Enterprise remembered that day after the bombers launched:
We turned on Radio Tokyo and then a very amusing thing happened. Somehow or other, inadvertently, the Reuters news agency had released the broadcast the day before that Tokyo had been bombed. I don't know to this day how they ever got this information but they were a little previous with it, and the Japanese broadcaster was talking on at great length about the fact that this was the most laughable joke to the Japanese people... [and] he saw nothing but serenity and cherry blossoms. About one half-hour later he suddenly went off the air. It doesn't take much imagination to follow through as to what had happened.

All 16 bombers took off the short carrier deck successfully, and they did not need to worry about bearing as the wind allowed USS Hornet to point straight at Tokyo as the bombers took off. It was good flying weather, as Lawson recalled, and all aircraft reached their targets successfully. Despite earlier worries about the Nitto Maru providing early warning, the raiders encountered little defense. In total, the bombers encountered about 20 enemy interceptors (and a few were shot down by the bombers' turrets) and met sporadic anti-aircraft fire, but all bombers carried out their mission without suffering much damage. Doolittle's bomber was the first to reach Tokyo. Like the other raiders, he flew so low that the plane was in danger of coming in contact with power lines; he observed that he flew so low that he even broke up a baseball game in the Tokyo suburbs. When he neared the city, his bomber pulled up to about 1,500 feet and dropped his bombs at his target, then dived low to make his escape in the southward direction to prevent the Japanese from figuring out immediately where he came from or where he was going. On the way south he flew across a field of red and silver training aircraft, and, according to his navigator Lieutenant Henry Potter, Doolittle cursed over the noise of the engines because he had no more bombs to attack these planes.
Immediately after the attack, the Japanese attempted to control morale by announcing distorted figures. According to the official Japanese announcement, nine of the raiders were shot down after they caused a few minor fires, though in fact, only seven bombers attacked Tokyo and some of the damages such as the large explosions at the oil refineries caused significant damage. Regardless of the attempts to hide the extent of damage, it caused a loss of face among the leaders of Japan; the officer in charge of Tokyo's air defenses committed ritual suicide because he felt dishonored and ashamed that he was not able to protect his country from the American attack. Argentinian commercial attaché to Tokyo Ramon Muniz Lavelle witnessed and documented the outcome of the raid, debunking the propaganda by the Japanese government to control the morale:

I ran up to our roof and saw four American bombers flying in over the rooftops. They couldn't have been more than 100 feet off the ground. I looked down the streets. All of Tokyo seemed to be in panic.... I could see fires starting near the port.... That raid by Doolittle was one of the greatest psychological tricks ever used. It caught [the Japanese] by surprise. Their unbounded confidence began to crack.

When the raid was finally officially announced by the United States government a few weeks later, it gave the American military the boost in morale that it needed at this stage of the war. Because of the early launch, none of the bombers reached Chinese airfields (the Chinese airfields were not ready even if they had). Most crashed on the Chinese coast or in waters immediately off the coast, with some, unfortunately, landing in Japanese-held territory. The only bomber that did not crash during the emergency landing found its way to an airfield in Vladivostok, Russia; that aircraft was confiscated by the Soviets and the crew was interned (this crew was transferred to the Soviet border with Iran, and in 1943 the NKVD secretly helped this crew escape across the border without the knowledge of the US airmen; this was done in secret because the USSR wished to maintain its friendly relations with Japan). The few captured by the Japanese were put on trial for bombing civilian targets. Three were executed in Shanghai, China, on 15 Oct 1942; five became prisoners of war, enduring terrible conditions, with one dying in captivity. "It was with a feeling of deepest horror, which I know will be shared by all civilized peoples, that I have to announce the barbarous execution by the Japanese Government of some of the members of this country's armed forces who fell into Japanese as an incident of warfare", said US President Franklin Roosevelt, denouncing the kangaroo court and the rushed executions of the captured airmen. In addition to the executions, a Japanese effort to seek out the remaining American airmen who crash-landed in China resulted in 25,000 civilian deaths in the process.

Those who crashed landed in friendly territory recalled the selfless attitude of the Chinese civilians who put themselves in danger to save the foreigners whose language they could not even comprehend. Many injured American airmen were transported by sedan chairs, diesel trucks, junks, or whatever mode of transportation the local Chinese could find to move the Americans westward toward the Chinese wartime capital Chongqing. Lawson, especially after learning of the Japanese retribution on the Chinese civilians, said that there was no word to describe the gratitude he had for the Chinese who helped him and no word to describe the agony he felt knowing there was nothing he could do to return the favor, even though he found that the Chinese who helped him wished nothing in return for the assistance.
After the Doolittle Raid, many among the top Japanese leadership focused on eliminating the chance for a repeat of such an attack, which led to the Midway-Aleutian Islands invasion that would prove to be a pivotal point of the war.

Doolittle won a Medal of Honor for the successful execution of this raid.

Info and details on US HORNET are given on viewtopic.php?f=2&t=9009
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