MAKAROV S.O. - naval commander, navigator and oceanographer

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Anatol
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MAKAROV S.O. - naval commander, navigator and oceanographer

Post by Anatol » Fri May 27, 2022 9:09 pm

Stepan Osipovich Makarov was a Russian vice-admiral, commander in the Imperial Russian Navy, oceanographer. Over the two decades, Makarov specialized in naval research, publishing over fifty papers on oceanography and naval tactics. As captain of the corvette “Vityaz” (See:forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=11614),Makarov directed a round-the-world oceanographic expedition from 1886 to 1889.
Information about this journey is fragmentary. The fundamental work of S. O. Makarov "The Vityaz and the Pacific Ocean" is mostly devoted to the results of scientific research carried out on the corvette.
Traveling on a corvette has forever entered the history of world navigation. The “Vityaz” crossed three oceans, conquered storms and fogs, passed the most dangerous reefs and shallows, visited the most remote seas and coasts. And did not suffer a single significant accident.
The name of the “Vityaz” corvette, among 20 other famous expedition ships, is carved on the pediment of the Oceanographic Museum in Monaco.
The credit for this belongs to the first commander of the ship - Admiral S.O. Makarov. His truly scientific work: “Vityaz and the Pacific Ocean”, with a detailed presentation of the results of all the studies carried out by the crew of the vessel, immortalized the name of the glorious corvette.
S.O.Makarov was member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and author of several books. He was a pioneer of insubmersibility theory and developer of a Cyrillic-based semaphore alphabet.
Makarov saw service in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) as a captain, and ordered the first ever successful attack with a self propelled torpedo.
Makarov was promoted to rear admiral in 1890, the youngest person in the history of the Russian Navy to attain such a position.
From 1894 to 1895, Makarov was commander of the Mediterranean Squadron. From 1895 to 1896, Makarov was in charge of naval training. He became a vice admiral in 1896, and began to concentrate on a design for new warships, especially icebreakers needed to establish a northern sea route between Europe and East Asia.
He proposed the world's first polar icebreaker, ”Yermak” .(see “Yermak” forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=7857), oversaw her construction, and commanded her on her maiden voyage in 1899. In 1899, Makarov was also appointed commander and military governor of Kronstadt in January 1900. In 1901, Makarov commanded “Yermak” on an Arctic expedition to survey the coasts of Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land.
After the Imperial Japanese Navy's surprise attack at Port Arthur on 9 February 1904, admiral Makarov was sent to command the Imperial Russian Navy's battle fleet stationed there on 24 February, establishing the battleship “Petropavlovsk” as his flagship. His leadership differed greatly from any other Russian naval officer during this war, offering diversity, aggression, and an ability to "inspire confidence in his subordinates".
Upon his assumption of command in early 1904, Makarov greatly increased the activity in the Russian squadrons, as well as the general defense of Port Arthur.
On 13 April 1904 Makarov led his flotilla to the aid of a destroyer that had been ambushed by the Japanese. Makarov was killed in the subsequent battle when his flagship “Petropavlovsk” struck a naval mine and the ship's magazine detonated and “Petropavlovsk” sank, taking Admiral Makarov with her.
There are monuments to Makarov in his native Mykolayiv,(Ukraine), and in Vladivostok and Kronstadt, Russia. A number of ships have been named Admiral Makarov. An island in the Tsivolk group of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago was named after him. National University of Shipbuilding in Mykolaiv and State Maritime Academy in Saint Petersburg are named after him.
Russia 1989;35k;SG6096.1949;40k;1r.1973;4k;illustrated_stamped_envelope.1976;6k.
PMR 2019;[P].
Papua-New Guinea 1987;30t;SG 549.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Makarov.
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